Discourse analysis of Malek al-Shoarai Bahar's works

A ballad is a type of poetry that is presented with music. This type of literature has always existed throughout history; But before the constitutional revolution, its theme was love and inner emotions. With the emergence of the constitutional movement and along with the changes in various aspects of the society, the poem also took on a social theme and served to express the thoughts of intellectuals. Speech analysis or discourse analysis is a type of interdisciplinary study that analyzes speech and leads to a deep reading of literary works. This research, based on its critical discourse analysis, tries to investigate and analyze the national patriotic works of Malek al-Shoarai Bahar and his criticisms and clarifications during the constitutional movement. With the components of liberalism, socialism, nationalism, parliamentarism and democracy, this discourse finds its political subject and challenges the hegemony of the ruling discourse. The discourse of naturalism and liberalism covers the centrality of all works. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, and the data of the research has been examined using the method of content analysis and the method of library and document analysis.
Extended Abstract

Introduction

The constitutional movement, as an important social and intellectual event, had a deep and wide impact on Iranian poetry and literature. The literature of the constitutional period includes a period of Persian literature that has the general characteristics of the Qajar period and also a new attitude and insight has emerged in it. The literature of the constitutional era is a reflection of the enlightenment and social political ideas of that era and the achievement of freedom and law. The word "freedom" appears many times in ancient Persian poetry, but its new concept, which is the rule of law and a kind of social order based on equality, was something that was precipitated in the thoughts and feelings of poets and writers as a result of familiarity with the West, so they wrote poems with political themes. and socially and according to the people's problems, they became one of the main supporters of the constitutional revolution, and they put the awareness of the masses of the people about the existing situation at the top of their work.
The literature of the constitutional era was experiencing its most social period and had a special place among all the layers of the society, which could be a tool for expressing thoughts and opinions along with literature. In this period, literature progressed with the change in attitude, concepts and format along with its time and left a tremendous impact on the society. According to these thoughts and ideas, literature was bound to create or change the ways and forms of expression, and the ballad was one of these literary types that changed from what existed in our literary past and was able to convey the message of constitutionalism. which was indeed freedom, independence, despotism and social and political elevation of the society, to spread music and poetry in the society.
In general, the poems of the poets of this period had a great impact on the awakening of Iranians. One of the powerful tools to spread the message of constitutionalism in this period was poetry and, accordingly, music, and the ballad played this role in the best way as a combination of the two.
Among the ballad poets, Malek al-Shoarai Bahar was able to play a significant role by using his genius in addition to the practical struggle in various political dimensions, by composing influential and lasting ballads in the course of constitutionalism, and by creating diverse works in the field of society and politics. To use his effort to produce critical discourse of this age. Just as in Van Dyke's definition of critical discourse, "the three concepts of discourse, cognition and society must be connected" (Arab Yusefabadi, 1400: 250) and this point should also be taken into account that "always between text and society A two-way interaction prevails, and its structural and systematic analysis reveals data that not only plays a significant role in the analysis and criticism of the literary work, but will also be effective in the historical explanation of the time of the creation of the text" (Karimi, 1399: 186) In general, the literature of the constitutional era has social and political themes such as: law, freedom, patriotism, progress, struggle against colonialism, democracy, equality and criticism of the rulers, and these themes form the critical discourse of this period has given.
The main importance of the present research is in understanding the various dimensions of the effects and consequences of colonialism in the constitutional era and its reflection in the political literature of Iran, and it highlights the works as a form that has been less discussed and answers this question. What is the reason why Bahar's national patriotic compositions are of special importance and what discourses are centered in them?
The main purpose of this research is to analyze the works of Malek al-Shorai Bahar based on critical discourse analysis in order to examine and analyze Bahar's national patriotic works and his criticisms and clarifications during the constitutional movement. This research, with an interdisciplinary approach, analyzes the critical reaction of the Iranian society to the presence of the ruling tyranny in the aforementioned works and provides new findings in the political and social literature of the constitutional era.

Research methodology

The method used in this research is based on the descriptive-analytical method based on documentary and library studies. The tools of information gathering are note-taking and databases, and the method of information analysis is inductive and data analysis. In the present research, firstly, general explanations about discourse and analysis of discourse, ballads, currents and effective factors in the constitutional revolution and the evolution of ballads in the constitutional era have been discussed, and then in the main text of the article, ballads are examined in terms of effective discourse components. How these components have been organized with key words extracted from works.
Due to the importance of Malek al-Shoarai Bahar's poetry and thought, several researches have been conducted about it, including the article "Constitutionalism of a Social Poet, Mohammad Taqi Bahar" by Hamid Reza Jadidi and Samira zabeti, Scientific Research Journal of History, Spring 90, Number 20 , pp. 18-47 that this article deals with the social analysis of Malek al-Shoarai Bahar's poems and not his works in terms of the national demand of that era, i.e. constitutionalism, or the article "Freedom and Homeland in Bahar Poetry" by Mohammad Ali Afkhami Khairabadi, Rushd Education Magazine Persian language and literature, summer 88, number 90, pp. 49-44, in this research, only Bahar's poems have been analyzed in terms of freedom, patriotism, and nationalism, or the article "Analysis of the concept of homeland in poems" Malek al-Shoarai Bahar" by Milad Shami and Mino Bitarafan, Scientific Research Journal of National Studies, Winter 91, No. 52, pp. 130-107, where poems and not compositions are discussed in terms of nationalism and nationalism. Also, many comparative and interdisciplinary researches have been done on the poems of Bahar and other poets, all of them have analyzed only the poems of Bahar; As it can be seen, so far, no research has been done on the discourse analysis of Bahar's works, and the present study studies the components of the dominant critical discourse in Bahar's works with an attitude based on discourse analysis, so there is a need for research. It is necessary in this context.

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