تحلیل روان‌شناسانۀ نیاز به ارتباط (انواع عشق) در داستان‌های برگزیدۀ تألیفی کودکان و نوجوانان براساس نظریه اریک فروم

One of the basic human needs from the point of view of all psychologists is the need for love and communication. Eric Fromm also considers the need for communication as one of the basic human needs. He considers three types of communication: dominance, submissiveness and love, and he also considers different types for love. Types of love according to Eric Fromm are: maternal love, paternal love, brotherly love, sexual love, self-love, love of God. Story is one of the most important educational tools, especially in childhood. By examining the relationship between fictional characters in various children's and teenagers' stories, it is possible to examine the type and quality of love in them, and following that, we can achieve the extent of the child's impression of the story and the type of teaching and its educational application on the target children.
This research, which has been carried out using qualitative content analysis, has investigated the types of relationships and lovers in selected children's authored stories using a library and descriptive analytical method.
 

Introduction

One of the basic human needs from the point of view of all psychologists is the need for love and communication. In order to reach the stage of self-realization, a person must experience loving and being loved. A healthy person is someone who can meet his needs well without harming others, and this skill should be taught to children from childhood. Story is one of the most important educational tools, especially in childhood. By examining the relationship between fictional characters in various children's and teenagers' stories, it is possible to examine the type and quality of love in them, and following that, we can achieve the extent of the child's impression of the story and the type of teaching and its educational application on the target children.
Eric Fromm is one of the psychologists who raises the issue of needs and considers the need for communication as one of the basic needs of every human being. According to Forum, "Love has different forms; On the one hand, it can be limited to the human type, such as: love between mother and child, love between sister and brother, love between man and woman, and love for the same kind. On the other hand, love can have a wider scope; Love for every manifestation of existence in the universe. Procreative love can be towards someone of the same sex (brotherly or sisterly love), in the form of merging and uniting with a person of the opposite sex (sexual love) or towards one's own child (paternal or maternal love). In all these three forms, a person's ultimate attention is to the growth and excellence of the other person" (Schultz, 2011: 207).
Since childhood, children should be taught what behaviors to choose in different situations, when the needs arise, especially the need for love, affection and communication. One of the most appropriate tools to strengthen children's ability to satisfy their basic needs is books suitable for them. Children's literature can teach a child what behavior to choose when any need arises. Children's books should be written, edited and selected in terms of technical, literary and linguistic aspects as well as in terms of content and audience orientation, according to the characteristics, interests, tastes and needs of children. Books that are introduced as children's books in festivals are usually selected based on these multiple criteria; But when choosing the best book, is attention paid to the way of communication between fictional characters according to their type of communication? Therefore, it is appropriate to analyze the types of love in selected children's books from the perspective of the ability of these works to strengthen the audience's ability to satisfy the basic need for communication.
Since the need for love and communication is one of the basic needs of children and children's books are an irreplaceable tool to strengthen children's ability to satisfy their needs, by analyzing children's works, it is possible to achieve the extent of the authors' attention to the needs of children and their mental health. . On the other hand, the results of this research show whether critics of festivals care about the quality of books from the point of view of paying attention to children's needs, or whether they evaluate works only with appearance and literary criteria.

Research method

In terms of the data collection environment, this research is a theoretical research that was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach. The method of collecting information is library. Data collection is done through study. The statistical population of selected books for children and teenagers and statistical samples of 35 book titles that won the most awards were selected in a targeted way (selection of the most awarded works).
The data analysis method is combined (qualitative-quantitative). At first, the authored stories are analyzed and examined in terms of how the love component is presented from the perspective of the forum, and in the next step, the frequency of the components in the stories is compared with each other.

Discussion

In the reviewed stories, all kinds of love are discussed from the perspective of the forum. Brotherly love is mentioned with the highest frequency and paternal love with the lowest frequency. In some stories where fraternal love, sexual love and self-love are mentioned, we can also see manifestations of love for God.
Brotherly love was mentioned with the highest frequency in 23 stories. In these stories, children are taught to use every tool at their disposal to communicate in a fraternal, empathetic manner with humanity and morality; Just as the deer took help from its horns to save it. Or in the story "Aqarangi and Naqla Cat", drawing a heart is a symbolic gesture to create a sense of compassion in heartless people. Love for animals and nature is also included in this group.
Fictional characters in these stories are humans, animals, one of the elements of nature or objects and phenomena of the universe. Sometimes a little girl plays a role, sometimes a pair of shorts or a watch, sometimes a star, and sometimes a crow or a mouse are fictional characters. In all these stories, the characters find human characteristics. In all the stories that were based on the perspective of brotherly love, the fictional characters helped in different ways with a pure and unconditional love for nature, or their own kind, a love that was not created due to a causal or relative relationship or the result of needs. be primary and physical; Rather, it is a need that is aroused only in the stage of self-realization in humans.
"Maternal love" was also mentioned in different ways in several stories. In these stories, only maternal communication was depicted, without the type of communication between mother and child in the story teaching the child a specific moral point. By reading such stories, the child gets to know the type of maternal affection and the mother-child relationship.
The manifestation of "fatherly love" can only be seen in the story of "The Short Prince". At the end of the story, the father realizes his mistake about the prince.
By reading this story, a child's sexual love becomes aware of the two needs of communication and arousal, and understands that the best way to communicate with others is conscious communication, in which each of the parties, in addition to recognizing the needs of the other person, accompanies him. And be sympathetic and don't leave him alone in difficult situations.
The plot of "Self-love" component, in the stories of Niloufer's smile, the travels of the rhinoceros, teaches the child that he must love himself in order to have a healthy life"An individual who is capable of loving and whose love is accompanied by productivity also loves themselves. Someone who can only love others does not understand the meaning of love at all." (Fromm, 2014: 79).

Results

According to the research, it was concluded that the need for communication in authored stories is more than the love type. Some of these loves have all the elements of respect, sense of responsibility, recognition, etc., but some loves lack one or more elements. Characters who are motivated by the need for love and who have an almost perfect love are usually the heroes of the stories and the child identifies with them. In these stories, the main characters experience a happy ending; But in stories with dominant characters, these characters either fail at the end or change their ways halfway through the story. According to the evidence in the stories, it can be seen that domineering characters do not experience happy times

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