بررسی ساختاری مضمون عدل در قصاید مدحی (از آغاز تا قرن ششم هجری)

 
1- Introduction
Panegyric means praising admirable qualities of the praised which poet praises his moral and behavioral qualities during the praise odes. Praise poetry, due to its major influence and significant contribution to Persian literature, should be considered a special type of literature and along with epic, lyric and drama, it should be regarded as a type of literature. In the literary type of panegyric, personality of the praised is in position of the hero, and various subjects related to his virtues become means of the poet to praise the hero of this type of literature. Exaggeration is one of the salient features of the literary genre of panegyric, in which the panegyrists were obliged to "show the hero more than he is and to mythologize the so-called figure." (Shamisa, 2007: 254) In the literary type of panegyric, the panegyrist attempts to manifest the characteristics of the praised to the highest level of perfection by using the form of ode and by means of exaggeration, so that the praised turns into a superhuman character. Among the praised qualities, the component of justice has been one of the things that all panegyrists have used as a pretext to praise the praised. The main questions of the present research in this regard are: 1- How has the theme of justice evolved in terms of superstructure and infrastructure? What have been the tools and elements of the panegyrists regarding the theme of justice? In what context have been the innovations of panegyrists regarding the infrastructure of the theme of justice?
 
2- Methodology of research
The research of the present article has been done analytically and descriptively and the relevant information has been collected in a library manner; Thus, the praise poems of ten panegyrists (Rudaki, Farrokhi, Ansari, Manouchehri, Ghatran, Massoud Sa’d, Abol-faraj, Moezzi, Anvari and Khaghani) have been the subject of research from the beginning to the end of the sixth century. During the research process, in the first stage, the evidence related to the component of justice is extracted from the two poets and in the next step, it is examined in two general categories, under the headings of superstructure analysis and infrastructure analysis.
 
3-Discussion
3-1- Superstructure analysis of the theme of justice
The main feature of the theme of justice in the Samanid and Ghaznavid eras is the use of tangible and material images. Most of these images are superficial and have only a confirmative aspect. The poet's imagination does not go beyond the outer shell and superficial relations of phenomena. "The meaning of the words of this type of image does not exceed the literal meanings and stops at the level of apparent and approximate meaning or only in description and expression." (Fotouhi, 2009: 59)
In the Seljuk era, the poet's imagination is not limited to the superficial shell of objects, and dealing with superficial images does not satisfy his sense of modernity. The main innovation in the theme of justice is limited to images that are obtained from two tangible and sensible components, such as: miracle of justice, wine of justice, wheel of justice, sword of justice, water of justice, sleeve of justice, flower of justice, smell of justice, spy equity, breeze of equity, mount of justice, Seedlings of justice , Government of justice, Dress of Justice, etc.
The ingredients of the theme of justice, in the Rudaki and Ghaznavid periods, are generally provided from the material elements of nature and are used quite simply and without any obligation during the poem. Things like: runnels and flowers, animals and birds and other landscapes and everything else that the poet has been dealing with every day and has been concrete and tangible to him.
What is more prominent in the Seljuk era than any other subject in the superstructure of the theme of justice is related to the extraction and implementation of components and elements of religious stories and narrations, the most important of which are: the story of Prophet Moses and the miracle of his staff,the blindness of Prophet Jacob and the shirt of Prophet Joseph, the story of The Prophet's journey from Mecca to Medina and his hiding in the cave of Hara, the story of Noah's flood and the landing of the ark on Mount Judi, the pregnancy of Prophet Maryam , etc.
3-2-Infrastructure analysis of the theme of justice

The panegyrists have resorted to people who have been famous in justice in all the periods discussed in the present article, in order to highlight the praised justice and to find an objective and external reward for it. In the meantime, Anushirvan Sassanid and the second caliph in terms of frequency and repetition, have been repeatedly referred to as a symbol of justice. Apart from this, from the point of view of poets praising predators and birds of prey, they were like transgressors that the praised justice cut off their aggression and forced them to give up their hunting instinct and wild temperament in order to live at peace with other animals.
One of the obvious examples of the effect of praised justice in the Seljuk era is the creation of harmony and reconciliation between opposing and heterogeneous natures. Examples of this are related to the compatibility between water and fire, the equality of rose and of wine with fire and water, and the acquainting of four opposite natures in the human body with each other, as well as the deprivation of properties and phenomena, so that despite praised justice, wine has the property of hangover and the moon has lost the ability to wear linen.
 
Conclusion
The result of the research shows that the subject of justice is one of the noteworthy components in praise of the praised and all panegyrists have considered it in their praises. The analysis of the construction of the theme of justice in the Samanid and Ghaznavid eras shows that the raw materials of theme making about praised justice were obtained from the material elements and the surrounding nature, their main rhetorical tools have been detailed and tangible to tangible similes. In the analysis of the infrastructure of the theme of justice in this period, innovation and exaggeration in relation to the theme of praised justice, in the first step, is related to the equality and superiority of praised justice in comparison with historical figures. Secondly, it is flexible to the effect of praised justice on the level of animals, which has put aside their wild instincts and temperaments, as well as the effect of praiseworthy justice on society.
In the Seljuk era, the subject of justice gradually turns from simplicity to complexity,the panegyrist does not spare any effort to deal with the superstructure of the theme of justice, detailed and tangible similes replace compact and sensible images, to the extent that the issue of the conflict of images in themes arises. In order to find a pristine and original theme, the poet goes through all the fields and whatever helps him to invent the theme, falls into the circle of raw materials and elements of his theme making.In infrastructure of the theme of justice in the Seljuk era, panegyrists, while considering the themes of poets before them (comparison of praised justice in comparison with historical figures, the manifestation of praised justice among animals and the impact of praised justice in society) were also not unaware of innovation and creation in this field. Among the innovations and exaggerations of the poets of this era about the praised justice, we can mention the creation of an inverse relationship between the hunt and the hunter, the creation of a bond between opposing natures and the deprivation of properties and relations between objects and phenomena and landscapes.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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