نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سوسن بوستانی نژاد ¹
• محمدامیر مشهدی ²
• عبدالله واثق عباسی ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

² استاد گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

³ دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

چکیده

مکتب وقوع از مهم­ترین جریان­های شعر فارسی است که عشقی واقعی و ملموس را توصیف می­کند. در این مکتب تکیه بر رویدادهای واقعی عشقی و بیان احساسات به صورت ساده و صریح است. مهمترین ویژگی­های شعر این مکتب، گزارش حال، بدیهه­سرایی، سادگی سخن، راستی سخن، بیان جزئیات عاشقی و عشق ورزی با جمال بشری است. فروغ فرخزاد در کنار نیما، شاملو، سهراب سپهری و اخوان از برجسته­ترین شاعران معاصر فارسی است.عشق در شعر او به مانند مکتب وقوع زمینی و ملموس است. او به عنوان یک زن با صراحت در مورد امیال جسمانی و عاطفی خود نسبت به مرد سخن می­گوید. در این پژوهش مطابقت مشخصه­های شعر فروغ با ویژگی­های مکتب وقوع به روش تحلیل و توصیف محتوای اشعار وی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است تا به این پرسش اساسی پاسخ داده شود که  مهم ترین مولفه های مکتب وقوع اشعار شاعر کدام است؟ ویژگی­های صراحت لهجه و سادگی زبان ، واقعی و ملموس بودن عاشق و معشوق، بیان واقعی و نوستالژیک روایت عاشقانه، بیان تمنای زنانه و اعراض از معشوق در شعر فروغ ویژگی­های اصلی­ای بودند که با مشخصه­های مکتب وقوع مطابقت داشتند. ویژگی صراحت لهجه و سادگی زبان به دلیل بی­پروا بودن فروغ و استفاده از زبان امروزی ، شاخص­ترین و پرکاربردترین این ویژگی­هاست.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• شعر معاصر فارسی
• مکتب وقوع
• فروغ فرخزاد
• صراحت لهجه
• سادگی زبان

عنوان مقاله [English]

Purity of Love ) Investigation of the Components of the School of Occurrence in Forough Farrokhzād's Poetry(

نویسندگان [English]

• susan bustani nejad ¹
• mohammad amir mashhadi ²
• Abdullah vasegh abbasi ³

¹ Ph.D. student of Persian Language and Literature Department, University of of Sistan and Baluchestan

² Professor of Persian Language and Literature Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan,Zahedan. Iran

³ Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan,Zahedan. Iran.

چکیده [English]

Abstract
  The school of occurrence is one of the most important currents of Persian poetry that describes a real and tangible love. In this school, real love events are relied on and feelings are expressed in a simple and straightforward manner. The major features of this school of poetry are giving present reports, improvisation, simplicity of speech, truthfulness of speech, expression of love details, and making love in relation to human beauty. Love in Forough's poetry has been manifested by the school of earthly and tangible occurrence. As a woman, she openly speaks to a man about her physical and emotional desires. In this research, correspondence of the characteristics of Forough's poetry with those of the school of occurrence was investigated. The features of frankness of accent, simplicity of language, real and tangible natures of the lover and beloved, real and nostalgic expressions of a romantic narrative, expression of female longing, and turning away from the beloved were the main characteristics in her poetry that corresponded to those of the school of occurrence. The features of frankness of accent and simplicity of language were the most prominent characteristics in her poetry due to her recklessness and use of today's language.
 
Introduction
      From the beginning to the end of Forough's poems, we witness an experience or a set of experiences from the same emotional state, which brings us closer to the external reality and real events. Closeness to reality and concreteness are obvious in her romantic poems, which have made her poetic style similar to those of the poems of the school of occurrence. The lover and beloved in her poems are tangible and close to external reality. The simple language of her poetry has made the love she expresses in her poetry tangible. By comparing the characteristics of her poetry with those of the school of occurrence, one can find a new perspective on her poems and evaluate the closeness of her romantic poems to external reality in a detailed manner. In this research, an attempt was made to answer the following questions:

What is the most used component of the school of occurrence in Forough Farrokhzād's poetry?
In which of her poetic works has she paid the most attention to occurrence composition?
Research method

     In this research, the school of occurrence was studied by using a descriptive-analytical method. Also, the characteristics of some selected poems of Forough Farrokhzad, including ‘Captive’, ‘Wall’, ‘Disobedience’, and ‘Another Birth’, were compared with the characteristic features of the school of occurrence. In addition, the occurrence characteristics in her collection of poetry were statistically assessed and compared, which could help to know and compare the romantic poems in the collection.

Discussion

      According to Fotuhi's opinion, 6 principles are enumerated for the school of occurrence: 1) Report of feeling: In the poem of occurrence, the poet expresses his/her real feelings in relation to his/her love; 2) Improvisation: Improvisation means that the poet composes his/her sensory experience at the moment; 3) Simplicity of speech: Simple and eloquent expression is a characteristic of this school of poetry, which makes it possible to express love stories well; 4) Truth of the word: The beloved of the poem of occurrence is tangible and real. The regulations of occurrence provide a clear stance against Persian lyrical poetry, in which the lover flirts with an unseen, unreal, and imaginary beloved; 5) Expression of love details: The content of the poem of occurrence is based on the expression of the subtleties of the lover and beloved’s situations and the details of their behaviors; 6) Love with human beauty: Love in this school is neither imaginary nor mystical, but is related to loving the tangible human beauty (Fotuhi, 2015, pp. 135-142).These characteristics of the school of occurrence can be seen as corresponding to the characteristics of Forough's poems:
The lover and beloved’s being real and tangible
     One of the features of the school of occurrence is expression of a real and concrete love. The first step for a female poet is to approach reality and show her gender. In Persian poetry, even when the poet is a woman, she has a masculine look and it is as if her gender is masculine in the poem; thus she has a masculine language and expression. The lover in Persian poetry is usually male, except for a few ones (Shamisā, 1381, p. 198), but this issue does not apply to Forough’s poetry. Forough's being a woman is an important issue in her romantic poems.
Expression of womanly desire
    In her poems, Forough speaks to her beloved and demands fulfillment of her feminine desire for flirting. She is an outspoken and rebellious poet, who does not shy away from expressing her desires, a rebellious and free woman, who expresses her intentions and wishes in an effective and clear way with the utmost power (Shams Langroudi, 1377, p. 193). This frank and bold expression distinguishes her poetry from those of other female poets, who have been previously used to imitating men's poetry, as well as those of the poets after her, who have either written poetry like previous female poets or imitated her to compose womanly poems.
Frankness of accent and simplicity of language
    Forough's poetry is naked; it means that she speaks comfortably and without special restrictions so that she can convey her intentions and feelings better. Of course, this nakedness is different in meaning from vulgarity. In fact, it is related to conveying a deep meaning with simple and clear words and a language, which is based on conversation and is at the same time precise and orderly with no disturbing order. It can be said that she has been obsessed with using words; this is the characteristic of a womanly language since caring appearance and physical details is a women’s characteristic. Basically, the words that serve as her poetic tools are taken from everyday language and objects in today's life.
True and nostalgic expression of love story
    In her poetry, Forough describes her love adventures. This kind of description of emotional moments and events in her poems is similar to that used in the school of occurrence. Also, expressing complaints, longing for the lost love, and having sad memories of hugs are among the themes of her poetry.

Conclusion

In this research, the main features of poetry based on the school of occurrence were compared with those of Forough’s poems and the following results were obtained:
Romantic narrative in Forough's poetry: Narration, which is generally one of the characteristics of contemporary poetry, was found to be formed in Forough's poems; this made cohesive the overall structure of her poems. In her romantic poems, she narrated her love adventures with frankness and boldness. In these narratives, there was a real description, from images of nature to kisses and hugs. Frankness of accent and simplicity of language in Forough's poetry: The words in Forough's poetry were used very simply and intimately, while they could inspire a deep love to the audience. The vernacular language and use of words that had not been included in poetry until her time aroused astonishment of the lovers of poetry. Perhaps, this kind of simplicity and specialty had made her a little different from her contemporaries. Reality of the lover and beloved and clarity of their genders in Forough's poetry: The beloved’s gender was clearly defined in her poetry. It could be said that she was the first Iranian female poet, who had introduced the tangible personality of a man as a beloved.Forough openly expressed her desires and emotional needs in her poetry. She could be considered as the pioneer of female poets in the field of reflecting deep womanly emotions and spirits. In this context, she showed her own intimacy and directness. From a woman's point of view, she had a clear and obvious expression; she never wanted to speak hiddenly. She always dealt with issues face to face. Feminine feelings and a sense of honesty and infinite love could be found in her poems.In general, most of her poems of occurrence were observed in her collection of poetry entitled ‘Captive’ and then ‘Another Birth’. The most significant characteristics of occurrence in her poetry were based on the number, frankness of accent, and simplicity of language followed by the real and tangible natures of the lover and beloved, true and nostalgic expressions of love narrative, expression of female longing, and turning away from the beloved. Generally, frankness of tone and simplicity of language were the characteristic features of her poetry, which were seen in all her romantic poems of occurrence in her collection of poetry entitled ‘Another Birth’ with the maturity of language. The use of the two features of realistic and nostalgic expressions of romantic narration and turning away from the beloved showed to have followed a downward trend over time when looking at the year of composing he  collection of poetry.
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کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Persian contemporary poetry
• school of occurrence
• Forough Farrokhzād
• frankness of accent
• simplicity of language