علل درج بن‌مایه رزم در منظومه‌های غنایی

War is considered as one of the main themes of the lyrical poems in Persian literature, which sometimes makes the atmosphere of the work close to epic works. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the use of the martial theme in lyrical poems. Based on this, we sought to answer the following questions by analyzing twenty lyrical poems written from the 5th to the 8th century: (1) what is the reason or motivation for using the martial theme in lyrical works? (2) How does the war in lyrical poems differ from other works, especially epic ones? (3) How has it been used? The results demonstrated that the first Persian poets of lyrical poems had paid the attention to the martial theme, and generally, this theme can be seen in eighteen lyrical poems. War which had the decorative and fundamental uses was repeated in the lyrical poems. Making love glorious and magnificent, being affected by epic works, competing with Ferdowsi (as a Persian poet), allocating love to the courtly class, adding more details making the story exciting, testing the worth of the loved one and performing a step-by-step ritual of the initiation in order to be honored a wife are among the reasons for using the martial theme. The intrinsic motives of war are one of the most important features of using the martial theme in lyrical works, and accordingly war is caused by love.
Extended abstract

Introduction

     A narrative of the romantic poems is considered as one of the most pleasant subjects of lyrical poetry. According to a list of both Persian printed books and Persian manuscripts, some researchers have considered the number of romances to be nearly six hundred, of which seventy percent are written in verse (cf. Zulfaghari, 2012: 37). In Persian poetry, many works cannot be placed in the scope of a literary style. The components of a literary style can easily be used in other styles of literature. Combat and warfare, which are fundamental and constructive themes of epic works, are also common in other literary styles, especially lyrical styles (including romantic and mystic styles). In this study, we sought to answer the following questions: (1) what is the reason or motivation for using for using the martial theme in lyrical works? (2) How does the war in lyrical poems differ from other works, especially epic ones? (3) How has it been used? Given that epics take place in the battlefield, and also the martial theme is used in most lyrical poems, it is therefore necessary to pay attention to the reasons for its use, which can lead to a more accurate understanding of these two styles in literature.
 
2-Research method
This was a descriptive analytical study, and also the data were collected by using library methods. By analyzing twenty lyrical poems written from the 5th to the 8th century, the martial themes, such as going to war with various creatures, the enemy's army or a specific person, were first extracted from them. These themes were then analyzed, and also the reasons for their use were categorized and analyzed according to the narrative as compared with other works.
3-Discussion
The martial theme, as a solution for achieving the desired outcome or protecting it, is observed in the different styles of literature. Dealing with the combat does not distort the process of a literary style and is not a factor which causes the system of literary styles to be disrupted. The most important difference between the epic and lyrical poems in terms of war is its purpose. The war takes place in literary works using the personal, collective, national, religious and human motivations. In the lyrical poems, the hero's goal of fighting is a personal motivation so as to obtain his/her loved one and provide his/her comfort. Some have also considered the characteristics of epic love to be factors, such as the shortness of time for getting a loved one, love with a motive of marriage and the birth of the hero (cf. Hassan Rezaei et al., 2015: 29). The war is the most common theme in lyrical poems. From the first lyrical poems of Persian literature to the end of the 8th century, the war as one of the themes of the story is observed in 18 out of 20 lyrical poems. The use of war in the lyrical works can have several functions, and also it can be employed in one work with several functions at the same time. Being influenced by Ferdowsi and competing with him are the most common reasons for using the lyrical poems.  Ferdowsi's Shahnameh not only creates an epic poem, but other literary styles are also affected by it.  The romantic poets were  heavily influenced by Ferdowsi's writing and used his style in different ways, and also the war was one of the main themes, which the reason for using it might be imitating the Ferdowsi's Shahnameh  and placing their works in its atmosphere. In the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, both the war and banquet were observed together and also the poets after Ferdowsi believed that paying the attention to love without fighting was incomplete. Among them is the story of "Varaqe and Golshah". The aristocratic status of the love parties, especially the lover, was one of the common features of romantic poems. Many of lyrical poems originated from of kings’ pastimes, and love accompanied by poverty was not observed in the Iranian original stories. The connection of love to the courtly class, meaning that no government is without enemies, makes the war a part of the story. In some romance narrative poems, the objective of using the battle scenes is to add ups to the story and downs and expand it. In the story of Layli (Layla) and Majnun, war did not have a fundamental place in the story and it was added to make the story exciting. It seems that sometimes war provides the ground for making love glorious and magnificent. In this case, the lover or sometimes the beloved goes to the war with others on the path of love which can only be passed through the battle.
 
4-Conclusion
War is not dedicated to epic works, and also the analysis of romantic poems showed that it is one of the main themes used in these stories, indicating that the path of love also follows war. 18 out of 20 lyrical poems used the martial theme. The war is sometimes a decorative component that can be removed, and sometimes is a fundamental component and part of the plot of the story. The martial theme can be used for several reasons, such as the influence of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and its imitation, the connection between love and the courtly class in the traditional literature considering that war contributes to the history of governments, showing the splendor of love and the difficulty of getting a loved one, and testing the worth of the loved one. The analysis results of these works demonstrated that war was mostly seen in the poem of  Varaqe and Golshah written by Ayyuqi, which might due to the influence of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and the addition of ups and downs to the narrative. However, the war was not observed in the poem of Yusuf and Zuleikha attributed to Ferdowsi and Hasan Dehlavi 's Eshgh-Nameh.  It was clear that poet of the first lyrical poem avoided paying attention to a famous story from the Quran, his emphasis on telling the truth, and addition of topics like war which had no connection with it. In another poem, it seemed that there was no opportunity to use the war due to the theme of the story and its brevity and the short period of time that the poet composed it during only one night. . Except for these two poems, in Khosrow and Shirin poem, Nezami Ganjavi took the least advantage of the martial theme to narrate history differently from Ferdowsi's style from the perspective of love, and Amir Ḵosrow imitating Nezami Ganjavi also employed the same method in Shirin and Khosrow. The use of the martial theme aimed to add the excitement and ups and downs to the story and provide a ground for the poet's performance, which has made his/her work more popular and accepted by the audience. Although war is observed in the lyrical and epic works, the intrinsic motives of war are one of the most important features of using this theme in lyrical works, and accordingly war is caused by love.
 
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